Microvascular evidence,organized by application.

Study design Phantoms, animal models and 39 patients

Research question ULM acquisition, denoising, reconstruction, and measurement differ across teams, so the same case may produce different results and multicenter comparison becomes difficult.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in review / consensus / methodology. Which acquisition and analysis steps would your team need to standardize first?

Evidence boundary Feasibility and internal validation only. Small animal cohorts and two-dimensional imaging limit generalization; this is not a validated universal diagnostic classifier.

通用微血管重建与定量分析框架（U-VBA）

Study design Expert consensus; no new diagnostic validation cohort

Research question Super-resolution ultrasound is advancing quickly, but inconsistent terminology, acquisition, measurements, and reporting make studies hard to compare.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in review / consensus / methodology. Which microvascular measurements would be most meaningful in your clinical research?

Evidence boundary Consensus and illustrative examples, not a clinical accuracy trial or a treatment guideline. Proposed applications require prospective validation.

超分辨超声与微血管组学：共识声明

Study design Consensus on SRUS-based habitat imaging

Research question Tumors are heterogeneous, and one biopsy samples only a small area, potentially missing the most aggressive or treatment-resistant region. Conventional imaging cannot show this microvascular variation clearly.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in review / consensus / methodology. Could regional vascular heterogeneity help you choose where to sample a tumor?

Evidence boundary A conceptual framework, not proof of improved diagnosis or treatment. Two-dimensional sampling, definitions and biomarkers still need standardization and validation.

基于超分辨超声的生境成像：共识声明

Study design Multicenter diagnostic modeling study

Research question B-mode breast ultrasound relies on morphology, and some benign and malignant lesions look alike. SRUS is information-rich but manual interpretation is slow and subjective.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Would a combined B-mode and microvascular AI score address difficult cases in your workflow?

Evidence boundary Dataset-based diagnostic modeling does not establish prospective clinical benefit. Broader prospective validation and reproducibility testing are still needed.

B超与超分辨超声联合AI鉴别乳腺癌

Study design Cell experiments and a 4T1 breast tumor mouse model

Research question Triple-negative breast cancer is aggressive, has limited targeted options, and tumor hypoxia reduces treatment effectiveness. Real-time monitoring of microcirculatory response is also limited.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Could microvascular imaging provide a useful response marker in your experimental therapy studies?

Evidence boundary Preclinical findings only, with small animal groups. Long-term safety, pharmacokinetics and benefit in patients have not been established.

三阴性乳腺癌光动力/声动力联合治疗的动物实验

Study design Prospective single-center study; CEUS-URM cohort of 42 patients

Research question Axillary nodes with diffuse cortical thickening are difficult to classify because inflammation and metastasis can look similar, creating uncertainty about biopsy or surgery.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Could a validated score help when cortical thickening is diffuse rather than focal?

Evidence boundary Only 15 metastatic nodes in the CEUS-URM cohort. The score was developed and tested in the same small dataset; the separate cohorts are not a paired head-to-head comparison.

CEUS-URM评估弥漫性皮质增厚的乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结

Study design Prospective study; 192 patients, 54 benign and 138 malignant tumors

Research question Routine breast imaging mainly shows the mass and blood vessels, not the interstitial-lymphatic pathways that are closely related to spread and nodal metastasis.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Would lymphatic architecture complement the vascular features you already study in breast tumors?

Evidence boundary Exploratory associations in a single referral-center cohort. Interstitial contrast imaging differs from routine intravenous vascular imaging; findings do not replace pathology.

SRUS显示乳腺肿瘤间质-淋巴网络

Study design Prospective study; 295 patients with 301 BI-RADS 4–5 lesions

Research question BI-RADS 4–5 covers a wide risk range, so many patients undergo biopsy even though some lesions are benign. Conventional imaging alone cannot refine risk enough.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Which BI-RADS 4 lesions would most benefit from an independently validated microvascular assessment?

Evidence boundary Single-center, two-dimensional analysis of already suspicious lesions. These results cannot be generalized to screening or used to safely omit biopsy without independent validation.

ULM微血管指标鉴别BI-RADS 4–5乳腺病灶

Study design Prospective single-center study; 117 patients, 120 lesions

Research question BI-RADS 4 means suspicious but uncertain. Overlapping appearances cause biopsies of benign lesions and make it hard to prioritize the highest-risk cases.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Are hypervascular benign lesions a particular source of uncertainty in your practice?

Evidence boundary Only 35 malignant lesions. Model performance and thresholds require independent validation; the two AUC values refer to different diagnostic comparisons.

SRUS鉴别BI-RADS 4乳腺病灶

Study design Prospective pilot; 55 patients and 57 breast masses

Research question Breast ultrasound often favors sensitivity to avoid missing cancer, but low specificity creates many false positives, repeat examinations, and biopsies.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. What sensitivity would you require before using an additional test to reduce false positives?

Evidence boundary Small, single-center pilot. The sensitivity trade-off is clinically important; this does not establish that biopsy can be safely avoided.

URM鉴别乳腺良恶性病灶的前瞻性初步研究

Study design Prospective single-center cohort; 84 patients

Research question Clinicians need more than a benign-versus-malignant answer; grade, molecular subtype, and immune environment usually require tissue sampling.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Which tumor biology feature would you most want to correlate with a microvascular map?

Evidence boundary Moderate cohort with small biological subgroups and no long-term outcome data. Associations do not replace molecular testing or establish prognostic benefit.

多参数SRUS评估乳腺癌特征

Study design 4T1 triple-negative breast tumor mouse model

Research question Poor perfusion and hypoxia in triple-negative breast cancer limit drug delivery and promote resistance, while simply increasing dose raises systemic toxicity.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Could URM help identify a reproducible perfusion window in preclinical drug-delivery research?

Evidence boundary Animal evidence only. Nitric-oxide involvement was inferred partly through inhibition experiments; drug terminology varies in the paper. No patient benefit or clinical dosing protocol is established.

低功率超声微泡改善三阴性乳腺癌氧合与药物摄取

Study design Prospective feasibility study; 60 patients and 60 lesions

Research question Conventional breast classification is sensitive but produces many false positives, while potentially useful rim microvasculature is underused.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. Do you routinely assess the tissue immediately surrounding a breast lesion?

Evidence boundary Small feasibility cohort without established generalizable diagnostic criteria or a direct comparison with other modalities such as CEUS. Results do not justify routine biopsy avoidance.

基于CEUS的URM鉴别乳腺良恶性病灶

Study design Retrospective study; 742 women across 12 hospitals

Research question SRUS contains many maps and measurements, making manual feature selection slow and hard to reproduce across hospitals. BI-RADS 4A particularly needs a reliable rule-out tool.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast. What would a prospective, practice-representative validation cohort look like at your center?

Evidence boundary Retrospective, pathology-enriched cohorts. Predictive values depend on disease prevalence; prospective validation is required before changing biopsy decisions.

基于SRUS影像组学的多中心乳腺癌预测

Study design Single-center retrospective observational study; 21 patients with triple-negative breast cancer: 12 pathological high-risk and 9 low-risk

Research question Routine ultrasound can show the tumor, but it may not reveal the microscopic features associated with invasion and spread before pathology is available.

Why it matters URM may add useful measurements for research into preoperative risk assessment. This 21-patient study tested associations in the same small cohort, without a multivariable prediction model, external validation, or long-term outcome follow-up. It does not replace pathology or establish treatment decisions.

Evidence boundary Single center; 21 patients; retrospective; same-cohort ROC analysis; no multivariable adjustment, external validation, or survival follow-up. Associations do not establish independent prediction or improved outcomes.

三阴性乳腺癌超分辨显微成像与病理高危因素的相关性分析

Study design Prospective study; 143 patients and 154 sentinel nodes

Research question Sentinel-node metastasis still depends on surgery or pathology, while conventional ultrasound may miss small or early deposits and can lead to unnecessary procedures or underestimation.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast / lymph node. Would lymphatic-sinus imaging add useful information to your preoperative nodal assessment?

Evidence boundary A preliminary cohort requiring wider validation. Imaging depends on microbubbles reaching the lymphatic channels; pathology remains the reference standard.

淋巴结内淋巴窦SRUS预测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移

Study design Prospective pilot; 54 patients and 58 sentinel nodes

Research question Sentinel nodes contain both vascular and lymphatic systems. Looking at only one can miss important metastatic changes and produce an incomplete assessment.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast / lymph node. Could seeing both lymph flow and blood flow improve the questions you ask before nodal surgery?

Evidence boundary Single-center study with only 24 metastatic nodes and risk of overfitting. Independent validation is required; it is not a replacement for nodal pathology.

淋巴与血管双系统SRUS诊断前哨淋巴结转移

Study design Prospective single-center study; 162 patients, 55 SLN-positive

Research question Sentinel-node status affects surgery, yet assessment often requires nodal biopsy or intraoperative pathology, leaving limited noninvasive risk information beforehand.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in breast / lymph node. Could primary-tumor microvascular features help prioritize more detailed nodal assessment?

Evidence boundary Internal validation only, with calibration concerns. The study did not directly image nodal status or establish that sentinel-node pathology can be omitted.

SRUS微血管成像术前评估乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移

Study design Prospective study; 112 patients and 149 lateral cervical nodes

Research question Lateral cervical metastasis changes the surgical field, but suspicious nodes may be indeterminate on routine ultrasound and needle sampling can be falsely negative.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in thyroid / lymph node. Could microvascular information help select suspicious cervical nodes for sampling?

Evidence boundary Single-center cohort of suspicious nodes. Some patients contributed multiple nodes; performance and thresholds require multicenter validation and do not replace pathological confirmation.

多模态超声联合SRUS诊断甲状腺癌侧颈淋巴结转移

Study design Retrospective study; 148 patients and 171 lateral cervical nodes

Research question Needle sampling of lateral cervical nodes can miss metastatic tissue, while single-modality imaging or cytology may be inconsistent and affect surgical planning.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in thyroid / lymph node. Which radiomics features would need to be reproducible before you would trust a nodal risk score?

Evidence boundary Single-center development and internal validation. Small samples and potential model overfitting limit transportability; no safe biopsy-avoidance pathway was established.

SRUS影像组学列线图预测甲状腺癌侧颈淋巴结转移

Study design Exploratory study; 49 patients, 40 B-cell and 9 T-cell NHL

Research question Non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes require different treatment, yet they can look similar on imaging and accurate typing needs adequate tissue from a representative site.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in lymph node. Could dual-vessel information help identify a representative biopsy target?

Evidence boundary Only nine T-cell cases; single-center internal validation. The approach is not suitable for every nodal location or disrupted bulky mass and cannot replace pathologic subtyping.

双脉管微循环SRUS鉴别非霍奇金淋巴瘤亚型

Study design Prospective study; 33 patients with 131 nodal lesions

Research question Lymphoma and reactive hyperplasia often look similar on routine ultrasound despite very different management, creating risk of delay or unnecessary biopsy.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in lymph node. Could a validated vascular-pattern score help distinguish reactive nodes from lymphoma?

Evidence boundary Many nodes came from the same small group of patients. Lesion-level splitting can overstate patient-level generalizability; independent patient-level validation is needed.

URM微血管随机森林模型鉴别淋巴瘤与反应性增生

Study design Single-center study; 64 patients and 78 superficial nodes

Research question Superficial-node assessment requires both classification and selection of a representative biopsy target. Routine ultrasound may miss tiny, slow-flow vessels and lead to necrotic or uninformative sampling.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in lymph node. Would identifying viable microvascular regions improve your biopsy-target selection?

Evidence boundary Small, selected biopsy cohort with a sequential multimodal workflow. It does not establish an independently validated pathway for avoiding biopsy or repeat procedures.

URM在浅表淋巴结病变中的诊断和穿刺价值

Study design Clinical diagnostic study; 67 patients

Research question Benign and malignant superficial nodes overlap in size, shape, and macroscopic flow, causing false positives and missed disease.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in lymph node. Which combination of nodal vessel measurements would be most useful to validate locally?

Evidence boundary Small diagnostic-model cohort without established external validation. These are study estimates, not transferable decision thresholds or grounds to omit pathology.

URM鉴别浅表淋巴结良恶性

Study design Prospective study; 72 patients and 74 hypervascular nodules

Research question A hypervascular thyroid nodule can be benign or malignant, and conventional ultrasound and CEUS may overlap, leading to unnecessary biopsy or surgery.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in thyroid. Could focal hypoperfusion help in a nodule that otherwise appears richly vascular?

Evidence boundary Selected hypervascular nodules, including only 23 benign lesions. Findings do not apply automatically to all thyroid nodules or replace established sampling criteria.

SRUS定量参数鉴别甲状腺富血供实性结节

Study design Prospective study of ACR TI-RADS 4–5 thyroid nodules

Research question ACR TI-RADS 4–5 spans a broad risk range, so biopsy is often expanded to avoid missing cancer, increasing procedures, anxiety, and cost.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in thyroid. What extra information would help you discuss an indeterminate thyroid nodule?

Evidence boundary Exploratory adjunctive evidence in suspicious thyroid nodules. This performance does not establish that biopsy can be safely cancelled; larger independent validation is required.

SRUS诊断ACR TI-RADS 4、5类甲状腺结节

Study design Retrospective cohort; 63 mummified nodules and 66 PTCs

Research question Benign degenerating nodules can look suspicious on routine ultrasound and overlap with thyroid cancer on CEUS, making biopsy or surgery decisions difficult.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in thyroid. Could vascular characterization add information when a shrunken thyroid nodule looks suspicious?

Evidence boundary No external validation; benign diagnoses used mixed reference standards. AUC is not percentage accuracy, and reduced biopsy or surgery was not demonstrated.

超分辨超声成像鉴别木乃伊样甲状腺结节与甲状腺乳头状癌

Study design Single-center retrospective exploratory classification study with five-fold patient-grouped cross-validation; 68 thyroid nodules from 63 patients: 30 benign and 38 papillary thyroid carcinomas by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology

Research question Benign and malignant nodules can look alike. Whether microvascular measurements reliably improve classification alongside conventional ultrasound features remains an open research question.

Why it matters The paper demonstrates a reproducible quantitative-imaging and machine-learning workflow and shows why both sensitivity and false positives matter. This small, internally validated study used cytology reference labels and had no external validation. It did not show fewer biopsies or better clinical outcomes.

Evidence boundary Single center; 68 nodules/63 patients; 25 predictors for a small dataset; internal cross-validation only; FNAC cytology reference labels; no external validation or clinical-impact study; modest specificity. Do not claim independent incremental benefit from SRUS without an appropriate feature-ablation comparison.

基于超分辨超声微血管定量特征的机器学习甲状腺结节分类

Study design Prospective single-center study; 61 HCC patients

Research question HCC differentiation and microvascular invasion affect recurrence risk and treatment, but are often known only after surgery. ULM results can also vary with acquisition length.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in liver. Which reproducibility checks would your center require before using a new vascular biomarker?

Evidence boundary Only 11 poorly differentiated tumors. Cross-session and cross-platform reproducibility were not established; multicenter external validation is needed.

临床超声系统上可重复的肝细胞癌ULM定量框架

Study design Single case; a 67-year-old woman with hepatic sarcoidosis

Research question Benign inflammatory lesions such as hepatic sarcoidosis can mimic HCC and lead to unnecessary surgery or cancer treatment.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in liver. Could an atypical vascular pattern prompt a broader differential diagnosis in your difficult liver cases?

Evidence boundary One case, not a diagnostic accuracy study. URM did not establish the diagnosis prospectively or prevent surgery; pathology was decisive.

URM帮助识别误诊为肝癌的肝结节病：病例报告

Study design Orthotopic mouse HCC model; five experimental groups

Research question Fibrotic tumor stroma compresses vessels, limits drug delivery, and reduces treatment effectiveness in liver cancer. Microcirculatory response is also hard to monitor directly.

Why it matters URM and viscoelastic imaging supplied complementary measures of experimental vascular and stromal responses. Clinical treatment efficacy and safety remain unproven.

Evidence boundary Animal mechanotherapy experiment, not a clinical treatment protocol. Mixed vascular effects should not be described simply as improved overall perfusion; patient safety and benefit are unproven.

氯沙坦联合超声微泡空化治疗肝癌的动物研究

Study design Prospective exploratory study; 16 small hepatocellular carcinomas

Research question Small HCCs of similar size can have very different biology, while differentiation, microvascular invasion, and VETC are usually known only after pathology.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in liver. Which pathological risk feature would be most useful to investigate before treatment?

Evidence boundary Only 16 tumors, with very small pathological subgroups. These exploratory associations are not validated diagnostic thresholds.

CEUS联合URM评估小肝细胞癌病理特征

Study design Retrospective single-center study; 85 HCC patients

Research question Treatment-response assessment needs to establish whether active tumor blood supply remains after embolization. Conventional imaging does not fully quantify the fine microvascular changes.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in liver. Which clearly defined response endpoint would you use in a prospective TACE study?

Evidence boundary No independent external validation. Inconsistent response-group definitions across the paper limit confidence in its exact endpoint.

超声定位显微成像评估肝细胞癌经动脉化疗栓塞后的治疗效果

Study design Prospective study; 68 patients and 73 focal liver lesions

Research question Different focal liver lesions can have overlapping enhancement patterns. CEUS visual assessment does not fully capture quantitative microvascular structure and flow.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in liver. Which indeterminate liver lesions would be most suitable for prospective combined-imaging research?

Evidence boundary Small single-center cohort with no external validation and mixed benign reference standards. Findings do not establish universal cutoffs or replace needed pathology.

超声造影联合超声定位显微成像鉴别肝局灶性病变良恶性

Study design Rat ischemia-reperfusion model; 30 animals

Research question Creatinine rises late in acute kidney injury and does not directly show microcirculatory severity. CEUS has limited ability to grade tiny-vessel injury.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney. How short and repeatable would an acquisition need to be in your kidney workflow?

Evidence boundary Animal-model feasibility, not a validated human AKI test. Reported spatial resolution was approximately 80–100 micrometers in this setup.

快速URM分级评估大鼠急性肾损伤

Study design Rat renal ischemia-reperfusion model

Research question Color Doppler and SMI miss many cortical microvessels, so early ischemia-reperfusion injury may exist despite normal routine imaging.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney. Would histology-linked microvascular measures help evaluate your experimental kidney models?

Evidence boundary Animal evidence with imperfect matching between imaging planes. The smallest analyzable vessel diameter was about 0.11 mm; no human diagnostic performance was established.

URM显示大鼠急性肾损伤的微血管改变

Study design 18 rats; baseline, sham and injury groups of six

Research question Acute renal ischemic injury lacks a noninvasive tool that balances resolution, repeatability, and practical scanning time. Dose and acquisition timing also vary.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney. Which renal microvascular change would you want to follow alongside creatinine?

Evidence boundary Small animal experiment. The contrast dose and acquisition window are protocol-specific and do not establish a clinical kidney-injury test.

URM评估大鼠肾脏急性缺血再灌注损伤

Study design Narrative review of emerging renal ultrasound approaches

Research question Kidney diseases are diverse, and routine ultrasound provides limited early information on microcirculation, stiffness, and oxygenation. Choosing among newer methods is difficult.

Why it matters This work provides a research perspective in kidney. Which complementary measurement is currently missing from your renal research workflow?

Evidence boundary A review, not a new patient cohort or independent diagnostic validation. Clinical readiness varies by technique and indication.

超声新技术在肾脏疾病诊断中的应用综述

Study design 48 rats across control/model groups and four time points

Research question After urinary obstruction, renal microcirculation can worsen before obvious laboratory or structural change, allowing AKI to progress toward CKD and fibrosis.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney. Could microvascular change provide an earlier research endpoint than established fibrosis?

Evidence boundary Preclinical groups assessed at different time points, not proof of human longitudinal monitoring. Obstruction is one specific mechanism of kidney injury.

URM动态评估输尿管梗阻大鼠肾微循环

Study design 195 patients with CKD and 205 healthy participants

Research question CKD staging relies mainly on eGFR and laboratory tests, which do not directly show cortical microvascular health. Routine imaging often changes late.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney. Could cortical microvascular measures add useful information alongside eGFR in your research?

Evidence boundary Observational cohort estimates require independent validation. URM parameters are not direct measurements of individual glomeruli and do not replace laboratory assessment.

ULM区分不同分期慢性肾脏病

Study design Mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction model

Research question Renal fibrosis progresses over time, repeat biopsy is invasive, and routine ultrasound cannot continuously show microvascular loss and falling perfusion.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney. Which imaging measure would best complement your fibrosis endpoints?

Evidence boundary Animal obstruction model with tissue assessed at defined endpoints. Preserved overall renal function limits inference about functional decline or human CKD monitoring.

SRUS监测小鼠肾纤维化微循环

Study design Prospective cohort; 114 pathologically confirmed renal masses

Research question Benign and malignant solid renal tumors can overlap, and some benign masses undergo surgery. Ultrasound and CEUS show morphology and perfusion but not microscopic heterogeneity.

Why it matters SRUS offers potentially complementary microvascular information to CEUS. The small benign subgroup and exploratory analysis require independent validation before clinical decision-making.

Evidence boundary Only 26 benign masses, no correction for multiple comparisons and no independent external validation. This does not establish reduced overtreatment or a stand-alone diagnostic test.

SRUS联合CEUS鉴别肾脏良恶性肿瘤

Study design Single-center prospective observational perioperative study; 22 patients/44 kidneys enrolled; 19 patients/38 kidneys in preoperative analysis; 12 patients/24 kidneys in postoperative analysis. Postoperative comparison: 5 non-true-lumen-supplied kidneys versus 19 true-lumen-supplied kidneys.

Research question Restored large-vessel flow and a limited creatinine change do not establish that each kidney has normal tissue-level perfusion after aortic surgery.

Why it matters The study extends URM research to perioperative renal assessment in cardiac surgery. The postoperative sample was small, with missing follow-up, and the work did not validate acute-kidney-injury prediction or replace established renal assessment.

Evidence boundary Single center; 22 enrolled but only 12 patients/24 kidneys analyzed postoperatively; postoperative groups contain 5 and 19 kidneys; loss of critically ill/deceased patients may bias findings; no validated AKI prediction or outcome benefit; single-kidney perfusion and overall creatinine are physiologically different measures.

超分辨显微成像对Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者肾内血流灌注的评估

Study design Preclinical db/db mouse experiment with high-glucose endothelial-cell studies; Endpoint-specific sample sizes: renal function and histology n=6 per group; ULM microcirculation n=5 per group; screening n=3 per group

Research question Kidney-function tests do not directly show whether small-vessel perfusion improves after an intervention. Diabetic endothelial injury also remains a potential treatment target.

Why it matters This study links an experimental microbubble intervention with ULM monitoring of the microvascular response. It supports further preclinical research, not established human therapy. Precise cavitation dynamics, treatment windows, and molecular sensors remain uncertain. Albuminuria began to rebound after treatment stopped.

Evidence boundary Cells and male db/db mice only; endpoint-specific small samples; no human efficacy study; cavitation dynamics and optimal safety/treatment window not fully established; molecular mechanosensors remain uncertain; off-target cavitation was not directly monitored.

低强度超声触发微泡空化通过部分逆转内皮功能障碍减轻糖尿病肾损伤

Study design Single renal-allograft recipient; biopsy-confirmed acute rejection

Research question Early kidney-allograft rejection may look normal on Doppler and CEUS, while creatinine is nonspecific and diagnosis often requires invasive biopsy.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney transplant. Could microvascular imaging help explore unexplained allograft dysfunction alongside biopsy?

Evidence boundary One illustrative case, not evidence of diagnostic accuracy or superiority. Biopsy established rejection; treatment-response monitoring needs cohort validation.

ULM早期发现移植肾急性排斥：病例报告

Study design 54 transplant recipients; 15 with renal artery stenosis

Research question Transplant renal artery stenosis affects not only the large artery but also downstream microcirculation, which routine tests quantify poorly.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney transplant. Could parenchymal microcirculation complement large-vessel Doppler in transplant assessment?

Evidence boundary A small combined-model study, not ULM-alone performance. Independent validation and longer-term outcome assessment are needed.

ULM评估移植肾动脉狭窄的微血管异常

Study design 41 renal-transplant recipients; observational study

Research question Allograft follow-up includes blood pressure, laboratory tests, and routine ultrasound but lacks an integrated direct view of microvasculature, making early dysfunction hard to explain.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney transplant. Which functional marker would you pair with transplant microvascular follow-up?

Evidence boundary Correlations in a small cohort do not establish causation, rejection diagnosis or prospective risk prediction.

移植肾多模态超声参数与肾功能和风险因素的关系

Study design Retrospective study; 23 renal-transplant recipients

Research question Acute injury and chronic allograft dysfunction require different management, yet routine ultrasound is insensitive to early microvascular damage and biopsy cannot be repeated frequently.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in kidney transplant. Could a reproducible flow measure complement pathology during transplant follow-up?

Evidence boundary Small retrospective groups and limited pathological observations. Correlation does not establish biopsy replacement or a validated prognostic tool.

移植肾ULM参数与功能及病理损伤的关系

Study design 72 PDAC and 12 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Research question PDAC and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors differ in treatment and prognosis but can be difficult to separate on routine imaging, and pancreatic sampling is technically challenging.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in pancreas. Could microvascular architecture help investigate pancreatic lesions with overlapping conventional appearances?

Evidence boundary Only 12 comparator PNETs and no independent external validation. Pathology correlation was performed in a subset, not all 72 PDACs.

SRUS描绘胰腺导管腺癌微血管组学并辅助鉴别诊断

Study design Prospective descriptive study; 59 PDACs

Research question PDAC is often labeled hypovascular, but global CEUS enhancement does not explain its internal microvascular arrangement or provide a fine-scale treatment baseline.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in pancreas. Which pancreatic microvascular pattern would be most useful to standardize between centers?

Evidence boundary Descriptive PDAC evidence, not a benign-versus-malignant accuracy study. This cohort may overlap with a related report from the same institution; publication counts are not independent patient counts.

SRUS在胰腺导管腺癌中的临床应用

Study design 92 gliomas; 72 high-grade and 20 low-grade

Research question Glioma grade affects resection strategy, but final pathology is delayed and frozen sampling can be affected by tumor heterogeneity.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in glioma. Could intraoperative microvascular information help target representative tumor tissue?

Evidence boundary Intraoperative brain imaging, not noninvasive screening. Single-center model estimates require validation and cannot replace tumor pathology.

基于URM的胶质瘤术中分级模型

Study design 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease

Research question Cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease may involve both neuronal and microvascular damage, but current tests cannot directly track deep-brain microcirculation and treatment response.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in central nervous system. Could microvascular readouts complement neuronal endpoints in your preclinical studies?

Evidence boundary Animal-model associations, not a validated human Parkinson's test. Direct neurovascular coupling and causal mechanisms were not established by imaging correlations alone.

SRUS显示帕金森病模型黑质神经血管失耦联

Study design Parkinsonian rat model; conventional transcranial ultrasound

Research question Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity is visible on transcranial ultrasound, but its biological meaning has remained uncertain.

Why it matters Related neurosonography evidence that can inform research questions, but not direct evidence for URM performance.

Evidence boundary This paper uses conventional transcranial ultrasound, not URM. It is retained as related research in the supplied collection and must not be presented as direct URM validation.

帕金森病黑质高回声与多巴胺神经元退变的动物研究

Study design Preclinical 6-hydroxydopamine rat Parkinson model versus sham surgery; 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats used initially; 13 recovered and were analyzed (7 sham, 6 PD). Histology used 4 rats per group. Imaging at three weeks required a 10 x 8 mm cranial window.

Research question Deep-brain small-vessel structure and flow are difficult to assess together, and large-vessel Doppler may not capture local microcirculatory changes.

Why it matters URM provides a quantitative tool for preclinical substantia-nigra research. This single-time-point rat experiment required cranial windows and did not validate noninvasive human diagnosis or disease-progression monitoring.

Evidence boundary 13 evaluable rats; 6-OHDA model does not reproduce the full human disease; single time point; 10 x 8 mm cranial window; no human diagnostic validation, longitudinal disease-progression assessment, mechanistic causation, or treatment-response study.

超声微血流成像揭示帕金森病黑质区微循环特征的动物实验研究

Study design Experimental hypertension mouse models

Research question Hypertension progressively damages cerebral microcirculation, but traditional animal imaging cannot dynamically measure density, velocity, pulsatility, and flow direction together.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in cerebrovascular. Which microvascular feature could connect systemic blood pressure with brain injury in your research?

Evidence boundary Preclinical experimental imaging. Findings do not establish noninvasive human diagnosis, clinical monitoring thresholds or improved outcomes.

多模态超快超声显微成像观察高血压小鼠脑血流

Study design 12 rats; SAH and sham groups of six

Research question Brain hemorrhage can disrupt small-vessel perfusion. Conventional imaging is limited in simultaneously resolving microvascular structure, flow speed and pulsatility.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in cerebrovascular. Could functional microvascular changes help investigate early injury before structural vessel loss is evident?

Evidence boundary Small animal study at one region and time point, requiring cranial windows. It does not validate noninvasive human diagnosis or improved outcomes.

超分辨超声显微成像评估蛛网膜下腔出血急性期大鼠脑微循环障碍的实验研究

Study design Preclinical rat MCAO/reperfusion experiment with cell and molecular studies; Main animal protocol reports 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats; neurological scoring used n=15 per group. URM subgroup size is not stated in the Fig. 4 caption. A separate 30-rat serum-preparation protocol is also described.

Research question Restoring a major vessel does not necessarily restore tissue-level perfusion. Treatment research needs ways to connect small-vessel function with tissue injury.

Why it matters URM supplied a functional microvascular readout for an experimental herbal intervention. Imaging required a cranial window. The study did not establish efficacy in human stroke or a clinical monitoring standard.

Evidence boundary Preclinical rat and cell experiments; invasive cranial-window imaging; main protocol n=120 but endpoint-specific subsets differ; URM subgroup n not stated in the figure caption; no human efficacy or clinical monitoring validation.

桃红四物汤通过STAT1/NLRP3/GSDMD通路抑制中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成，减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤

Study design 100 participants across three diabetes/control groups

Research question Diabetic neuropathy is often recognized after numbness or ulcers appear. Electrodiagnostic testing is uncomfortable, and routine nerve ultrasound mainly shows structure rather than function.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in peripheral microcirculation. Could nerve perfusion complement the structural changes you already assess?

Evidence boundary Cross-sectional group comparison with a selected neuropathy population. Diagnostic thresholds, prospective monitoring and generalization require further validation.

超分辨超声评估糖尿病患者胫神经微循环

Study design Expert editorial discussing a separate tibial-nerve study

Research question Peripheral nerve ultrasound has focused on size and morphology even though symptoms and appearance do not always match, leaving function to uncomfortable electrodiagnostic tests.

Why it matters This work provides a research perspective in peripheral microcirculation. What validation would you need before adding a nerve microvascular test to routine practice?

Evidence boundary No new cohort, independent diagnostic results or primary URM figure. Commentary must not be counted as a separate clinical validation study.

外周神经超声从形态走向功能：述评

Study design Cross-sectional study; 144 patients with chronic coronary syndrome

Research question Chronic coronary syndrome may include systemic microvascular dysfunction, but coronary testing does not show peripheral muscle flow and is not suited to frequent repetition.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in peripheral microcirculation. Could accessible forearm imaging support your systemic microvascular research?

Evidence boundary Cross-sectional associations do not prove causation or allow forearm imaging to replace cardiac assessment. Several reported correlations were modest.

URM评估慢性冠状动脉综合征患者外周肌肉微循环

Study design 15 mice; baseline, sham and femoral-artery ligation groups

Research question Skeletal-muscle ischemia causes early perfusion loss and later atrophy and fibrosis, but routine imaging struggles to connect these stages continuously.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in peripheral microcirculation. Could microvascular recovery provide a useful endpoint in an ischemic-muscle treatment study?

Evidence boundary Five animals per group. The study measures consequences of induced ischemia, not efficacy of revascularization or rehabilitation in patients.

URM评估小鼠骨骼肌缺血损伤的微循环灌注

Study design Neonatal rabbit model of developmental hip dysplasia

Research question Developmental hip dysplasia is assessed mainly by structure and angles, while early joint-capsule vascular biology is poorly understood.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in musculoskeletal. Could vascular change complement structural measurements in developmental-joint research?

Evidence boundary Animal-model evidence, not an established pediatric screening or diagnostic test. The measurements require clinical and technical validation.

SRUS显示发育性髋关节发育不良的关节囊微血管变化

Study design First human case; a 74-year-old woman

Research question Giant cell arteritis requires distinction between active and quiet disease, but symptoms, laboratory markers, and wall thickness may not move together, and repeat biopsy is impractical.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in rheumatology / immunology. Could mural microvascular change become a useful research marker of inflammatory activity?

Evidence boundary A single case without cohort-level diagnostic or monitoring validation. Treatment decisions should not be inferred from these exploratory measurements.

ULM显示巨细胞动脉炎血管壁新生血管并监测治疗

Study design 96 MC38 tumor-bearing mice in eight groups

Research question Poor perfusion and hypoxia block drug delivery, reduce treatment response, and promote resistance, while nitric-oxide-related drugs alone may be inconsistent.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in other. Could URM help identify a reproducible perfusion window for experimental combination treatment?

Evidence boundary Animal evidence only. Imaging modalities were assessed in separate subsets; clinical dosing, safety and antitumor benefit are not established.

超声微泡空化联合一氧化氮通路改善肿瘤低灌注和缺氧

Study design 45 biopsy candidates; 33 cancers and 12 benign hyperplasias

Research question Diffuse prostate cancer lacks a clear focal nodule, so transrectal ultrasound may not identify a target and biopsy can miss disease or require more cores.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in prostate. Could whole-gland microvascular features help investigate target-negative prostate cases?

Evidence boundary Small, selected biopsy cohort. This does not establish a screening test or an independently validated way to avoid biopsy.

URM鉴别弥漫性前列腺癌与前列腺增生

Study design One 57-year-old woman with pathologically confirmed LGFMS

Research question Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma is rare and nonspecific, so an axillary mass may be mistaken for other lesions and biopsy or surgical planning becomes difficult.

Why it matters This work provides a basis for further research in soft tissue tumor. Could microvascular detail help you choose a representative sampling region in rare soft-tissue tumors?

Evidence boundary A single rare-tumor case demonstrates feasibility, not specificity or general diagnostic accuracy. Pathology remains essential.

SRUS术前评估腋窝低级别纤维黏液样肉瘤：病例报告